语法GRAMMAR

Subject + 是 + Object

The verb 是 is used to affirm that thing A is thing B, equivalent to "is/are/am" in English.

Subject + 是 + [Emphasized element] + Verb + 的

The structure 是…的 is used to emphasize the time, place, or manner of an action that has already occurred.

Subject/Place + 有 + Object/Noun

The verb 有 is used to express possession (I have...) or the existence of a person/thing in a certain place.

Subject + 不 + Verb / Adjective

The adverb 不 is used to negate actions in the present or future, or to negate a fact or habit.

Subject + 没(有) + Verb + (Object)

The adverb 没 is used to negate actions in the past or to negate possession (with 有).

General negation: Subject + 不 + Verb/Adjective. Past/possession negation: Subject + 没(有) + Verb.

不 negates the present/future and habitual actions, while 没 negates past actions and possession (有).

Declarative sentence + 吗?

Particle 吗 is placed at the end of a declarative sentence to turn it into a yes/no question.

Subject/Noun + 呢?

The particle 呢 is used to ask a question back in return (a reciprocal question), or to ask about the location of a person/thing.

Clause + 吧

Modal particle 吧 used to make a suggestion or request in a mild tone, or to express supposition.

Sentence + 啊

Modal particle 啊 placed at the end of a sentence to express exclamation, surprise, or affirmation.

Subject + Verb + 了 + (Object)

Particle 了 placed after a verb to signal that an action has been completed.

Subject + (Adverb) + Adjective/Verb + 了

The sentence-final particle 了 signals that a new situation has arisen or a change of state has occurred.

Subject + 太 + Adjective/Psych verb + 了

The structure 太…了 is used to emphasize a high degree of an adjective or emotion, typically carrying an exclamatory tone.

Subject + 很 + Adjective

The adverb 很 typically precedes adjectives to complete a sentence, and does not necessarily carry the meaning "very."

Subject + 不太 + Adjective / Psych verb

Used to negate in a mild way, meaning "not very..." or "not necessarily."

Subject + 也 + Verb/Adjective

The adverb 也 is used to express similarity, meaning "also" or "too."

Subject (plural/enumerated) + 都 + Verb/Adjective

The adverb 都 (dōu) means "all/both," used to indicate that everything or everyone previously listed is included.

Subject + 正在 + Verb + (Object)

正在 is used to express an action that is currently in progress at the moment of speaking.

Subject + 在 + Verb + (Object)

Adverb 在 placed before a verb to express an action that is currently in progress at the moment of speaking.

Subject + 在 + Place + (Verb)

Preposition 在 is used to indicate the location of a person or thing, meaning 'at' or 'in'.

Noun 1 + 和 + Noun 2

Conjunction 和 is used to connect two or more nouns together, meaning 'and', 'with'.

Person/Thing possessor + 的 + Person/Thing possessed

The particle 的 is used to indicate possession, similar to 'of' or the possessive form in English.

Subject + 能 + Verb + (Object)

The auxiliary verb 能 (néng) expresses the ability to do something, or whether something can or cannot happen.

Subject + 会 + Verb + (Object)

The auxiliary verb 会 has two main meanings: 'know how to' do a learned skill, or 'will' happen in the future.

Subject + 想 + Verb + (Object)

想 is a modal verb used to express a desire or intention to do something, equivalent to "want to" in English.

Subject + 要 + Verb + (Object)

要 is used to express desire (want to), future intention (will), or necessity (must).

Subject + 可以 + Verb + (Object)

The auxiliary verb 可以 is used to ask for permission, grant permission, or express that something is possible to do.

请 + (Pronoun) + Verb + (Object)

请 is used to extend an invitation or make a polite request, equivalent to "please" or "kindly."

Subject + 叫 + Name

The verb 叫 is used to introduce or ask the name of a person, thing, or place.

Subject + 来/去 + (Place)

来 (lái) and 去 (qù) are two directional verbs expressing movement toward or away from the speaker.

Subject + 怎么 + Verb/Adjective + ...?

怎么 is an interrogative pronoun used to ask about the manner, method, or cause of something.

Subject + 怎么样? or Proposed sentence, 怎么样?

怎么样 is used to ask for an opinion or evaluation about a thing or matter, meaning "how is it?" or "what do you think?"

Subject + Verb + 什么 (+ Noun)?

The interrogative pronoun 什么 is used to ask about objects or matters, meaning 'what' or 'what thing'.

谁 + Verb...? / Subject + Verb + 谁?

谁 (shuí/shéi) is an interrogative pronoun used to ask about a person, meaning 'who'.

哪 + (Numeral) + Measure word + Noun?

哪 is an interrogative pronoun used to ask "which one," "who," or "which place" within a given range of choices.

Subject + Verb + (在) + 哪儿?

The interrogative pronoun 哪儿 (nǎr) is used to ask about a place, meaning 'where?'.

Subject + Verb + 几 + Measure word + Noun?

几 is used to ask "how many," typically applied to small quantities that the speaker expects to be under 10.

多少 + (Measure word) + Noun?

多少 is used to ask "how many/how much" about quantity, typically for numbers greater than 10 or when the quantity is unknown.

Subject + 多 + Adjective?

Used to ask about the degree of a quality, equivalent to "how much…?" or "how…?" in Vietnamese.

Subject + Verb/Adjective + 不 + Verb/Adjective + (Object)?

Used to form yes/no questions by repeating the verb or adjective in both affirmative and negative forms.

Numeral + 个 + Noun

个 is the most common measure word in Chinese, used for people or objects that do not have their own specific measure word.

两 + Measure word + (Noun) | Dùng 二 trong số đếm, số thứ tự, và các con số.

两 (liǎng) is used to express the quantity 'two' before measure words, while 二 (èr) is used in counting, ordinal numbers, and larger numbers.

Year + 年 + Month + 月 + Day + 日/号

In Chinese, dates are expressed from largest to smallest unit: year, month, then day.

Numeral + 点 + Numeral + (分)

Use 点 (hours) and 分 (minutes) to express specific times of day, for example 'eight ten'.

Subject + Age + 岁

岁 is a measure word used to indicate age, typically placed after a number to express the number of years old.

Numeral + 块/元 (+ small change)

块 (kuài) and 元 (yuán) are both monetary units in Chinese, with 块 being more commonly used in spoken language.

Place + 是 / 有 + Object

Use the structure 'Location + 是/有 + Object' to express the existence of a thing or person at a specific place.

Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (person) + Direct Object (thing)

Some verbs can take two objects: one referring to a person (indirect object) and one referring to a thing (direct object).

Subject + Verb + Object

The most basic sentence structure in Chinese is Subject - Verb - Object, similar to Vietnamese.

Time reference/Action + 以前/以后, Main clause

以前 and 以后 are used to indicate a time before or after a specific reference point.

Subject + Verb 1 + (Object 1) + Verb 2 + (Object 2)

A serial verb construction expressing a single subject performing multiple actions in sequence.